Spain

Viticulture in Spain has an ancient tradition, as vines were cultivated here at least 5,000 years ago. The Phoenicians founded the city of Gadir (Cádiz) around 1100 BC and traded heavily in wine in the Mediterranean region. The first flowering occurred in 200 BC, because the Romans loved the wine from Baetica (Andalusia). Development was halted by the Moorish invasion in 711. For religious reasons, the Muslims cleared large parts of the vineyards or only allowed the production of sultanas. They brought with them the art of distillation, which was not used for alcoholic beverages, however, but for essential oils, as scents and fragrances. It was only after 700 years that the Christians succeeded in reconquering and, advancing southwards, they planted new vineyards.

As in many other countries, it was mostly Catholic monastic orders that planted vines near their monasteries to make mass wine. In the following centuries, viticulture developed into an important economic and export branch. From the beginning of the 16th century, the conquistadors brought huge quantities of wine to the newly discovered America. The Spaniards planted European vines in many areas there and thus initiated viticulture on this continent, especially in Central and South America. They thus made a significant contribution in the New World.

In the second half of the 19th century, as in all European countries, phylloxera invaded Spain and destroyed a large part of the vineyards. But the Rioja area was spared for the time being and by the time the pest reached this area at the beginning of the 20th century, most of the vineyards had already been planted with grafted vines. With the vineyards destroyed by phylloxera, the French could no longer meet the demand for wine in their own country. At first, French merchants bought large quantities of wine in Spain, and later many French winegrowers emigrated to Spain and practised viticulture. Their sophisticated cellar techniques have left a lasting mark on viticulture to this day.

Between July 1936 and April 1939, a civil war broke out between the democratically elected government of the Second Spanish Republic and the right-wing putschists under General Francisco Franco (1892-1975). During this time, vineyards and many wineries were destroyed on a large scale. After the opening of the borders and the accession to the European Union in 1986, there was a new beginning in Spanish viticulture. From the 1960s onwards, a great boom began with the original Spanish wines Rioja and Sherry. Today, Spain is one of the most dynamic wine countries in the world.

Soil & Climate

Spain is one of the most mountainous countries in Europe. The western mountain ranges are largely composed of metamorphic and crystalline rock. Slate is the most common parent rock of the country's best vineyards. This occurs mainly on the Catalan coast, in the Priorato highlands, in the Rioja region and in the Douro port wine region. in large areas of the lowlands in the north and east, the parent rock consists of sediments. In the coastal regions, light, sometimes sandy soils dominate. In the sherry region of Jerez, the Albariza soil is very calcareous. The Canary Islands, on the other hand, are of volcanic origin.

The country is crossed by several large bodies of water that have a positive influence on viticulture. These are mainly the Ebro and Duero in the north, the Tagus in the west, the Guadiana in the south and the Júcar and Turia in the east. Spain is divided into three major climatic zones. In "Green Spain" in the north with Aragon, Asturias, Basque Country, Galicia, Cantabria, Catalonia, Navarre and La Rioja, there is a high amount of precipitation with hot summers and cold winters. In the centre lies the vast central plateau of Meseta (table land) with the regions of Extremadura and La Mancha. It is characterised by extremely hot summers, cold winters and low rainfall. The third zone is the coastal strip with southern Catalonia, the Levante and Andalusia. Here, sea breezes alleviate the hot summers, but there is little rain.

Regions & growing areas

In 1970, a classification system with controlled designation of origin was introduced, based on the Italian and French wine laws. The regions with the classified areas (DO, DOCa):

Andalusia

• Condado de Huelva (DO)
• Jerez = Sherry (DO)
• Malaga (DO)
• Sierras de Málaga (DO)

Aragon

• Calatayud (DO)
• Campo de Borja (DO)
• Cariñena (DO)
• Pago Aylés (Vino de Pago)
• Somontano (DO)

Balearic Islands

• Binissalem (DO)
• Plà i Llevant (DO)

Basque Country

• Chacolí de Alava or Arabako Txakolina (DO)
• Chacolíde Guetaria or Getariako Txakolina (DO)
• Chacolíde Vizcaya or Bizkaiko Txakolina (DO)

Extremadura

• Ribera del Guadiana (DO)

Galicia

• Monterrei (DO)
• Rías Baixas (DO)
• Ribeira Sacra (DO)
• Ribeiro (DO)
• Valdeorras (DO)

Canary Islands

• Gran Canaria incl. Monte Lentisca (DO)
• La Gomera (DO)
• La Palma (DO)
• Tenerife - Abona, Tacoronte-Acentejo, Valle de Güímar, Valle de la Orotava, Ycoden-Daute-Isora (DO's)
• Lanzarote (DO)
• El Hierro (DO)

Cantabria

• Costa de Cantabria (IGP)
• Líebana (IGP)

Castile-León

• Arlanza (DO)
• Arribes (DO)
• Bierzo (DO)
• Cebreros (DO)
• Cigales (DO)
• Ribera del Duero (DO)
• Rueda (DO)
• Tierra de León (DO)
• Tierra del Vino de Zamora (DO)
• Toro (DO)
• Valles de Benavente (DO)

Catalonia

• Alella (DO)
• Catalunya (DO)
• Cava (supra-regional DO)
• Conca de Barberà (DO)
• Costers del Segre (DO)
• Empordà (DO)
• Montsant (DO)
• Penedès (DO)
• Pla de Bages (DO)
• Priorato (DOCa)
• Tarragona (DO)
• Terra Alta (DO)

La Mancha

• Almansa (DO)
• Campo de la Guardia (Vino de Pago)
• Dehesa del Carrizal (Vino de Pago)
• Dominio de Valdepusa (Vino de Pago)
• Finca Élez (Vino de Pago)
• Manchuela (DO)
• Méntrida (DO)
• Mondéjar (DO)
• Pago Calzadilla (Vino de Pago)
• Pago Casa del Blanco (Vino de Pago)
• Pago Florentino (Vino de Pago)
• Pago Guijoso (Vino de Pago)
• Ribera del Júcar (DO)
• Uclés (DO)
• Valdepeñas (DO)

Levante

• Alicante (DO)
• Bullas (DO)
• Finca Terrerazo (Vino de Pago)
• Jumilla (DO)
• Pago de Chozas Carrascal (Vino de Pago)
• Pago de Los Balagueses (Vino de Pago)
• Utiel-Requena (DO)
• Valencia (DO)
• Vera de Estenas (Vino de Pago)
• Yecla (DO)

Navarre

• Finca Bolandín (Vino de Pago)
• Prado de Irache (Vino de Pago)
• Pago de Arínzano (Vino de Pago)
• Pago de Otazu (Vino de Pago)

Rioja (DOCa)

Vinos de Madrid (DO)

Grape variety list

In 2014, the area under vines was 975,000 hectares, of which 39.5 million hectolitres of wine were produced. This puts Spain among the world leaders with France and Italy (see wine production volumes). There are over 600 grape varieties, the majority of which are autochthonous. A novelty is the Airén, which is found almost exclusively here and was for a long time the most frequently cultivated variety worldwide. The grape variety list in 2016 with the top 50 (statistics Kym Anderson):

Wine categories / quality levels

The central body for all quality wines is the INDO (Instituto Nacional de Denominaciónes de Origen), whereby each DO region has its own supervisory authority, the "Consejo Regulador". It is made up of employees of the Ministry of Agriculture, winegrowers, producers, traders and biochemists. With the "Reglamento", this authority defines the permitted grape varieties (and also decides on new plantings), the permitted rootstocks, the yield in hectolitres per hectare, the stocking density, the pruning and the vinification methods(ripening technique, alcohol content, residual sugar, dry extract values). Only after organoleptic examination of the wines by a committee of the Consejo is the label approved. In August 2009, the EU wine market regulation became valid for all member countries with fundamental changes to the wine designations and quality levels; the new designations are (see also under quality system):

• Vino (formerly Vino de Mesa or table wine) = wine
• IGP (formerly VdlT) = local wine
• DOP = or the alternatively possible old designations DO, DOCa, VCIG, VdP = quality wine

IGP (Indicación Geográfica Protegida)

There are 41 IGP areas.

DOP (Denominación de Origen Protegida)

In the case of quality wines, there are five different categories within the designation DOP, which may continue to be used as traditional designations.

VCIG (Vino de Calidad con Indicación Geográfica)

Quality wines of geographical origin with regional characteristics in terms of grape varieties and vinification (in the past this was, so to speak, a step between country wine and quality wine or a DO preliminary stage). There are seven such areas.

DO (Denominación de Origen)

There are 67 DO areas.

DOCa (Denominación de Origen Calificada)

This level was introduced in 1988 (and corresponds roughly to the DOCG in Italy). It is only awarded to wines from outstanding areas whose production is particularly carefully controlled. Only two areas have been classified so far, Rioja in 1991 and Priorato in 2001. The next candidate is Ribera del Duero.

Vino de Pago(DO) / Vino de Pago Calificado (DOCa)

This designation was introduced in 2003 for vineyards or vineyards with a special character. They can be located within a DO or DOCa area, but also outside of it. They are usually owned by a single winery. For a detailed description and a list of classified areas, see Vino de Pago.

Quality designations

In addition, there are still a variety of traditional designations related to winemaking or quality. The most important of these are:

Maturity

Traditionally, Spanish wines are only marketed when they are ready to drink. Depending on the type of wine, there are specifications for the maturation period in barrel and/or bottle. Top producers often exceed these deadlines by far. White and rosé wines only have to mature for six months in the barrel and may be marketed one year earlier; there are hardly any reservas or gran reservas. For the red wines, there are the following designations:

Joven

Young wine that is already sold the year after the grape harvest and has only matured for a short time (maximum six months) or not at all in the barrel. These are intended for immediate consumption.

Crianza

These wines must have matured for at least 24 months, of which six months in the barrel and 18 months in the bottle.

Reserva

These wines must be aged for at least 36 months, of which at least 12 months in cask and the rest in bottle. Reserved for DO and DOCa wines.

Gran Reserva

These wines must be matured for at least 60 months, of which at least 18 months (until 2005 it was 24) in the barrel and the rest in the bottle. Reserved for DO and DOCa wines.

Ageing classification

Independent of the regulations for Crianza, Reserva and Gran Reserva, there are designations that may be used depending on the ageing and type of maturation. These are Añejo (24 months), Noble (18 months) and Viejo (36 months). These certify wines with a higher age as being of "better quality".

Label

Include, among other things, the degrees of sweetness depending on the content of residual sugar (seco = dry, semiseco = semi-dry, abocado = semi-sweet, dulce = sweet) as well as the type of wine (Clarete = light red wine, Cava = sparkling wine, Tinto = dark wine, Rosado = rosé wine, Generoso = dessert wine).

Maps of Spain and regions: Foods and Wines from Spain
Map of Rioja: By dieghernan - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, Link